Cloud computing is not a new technology, but a new way of providing resources for data processing.
"Cloud computing is a model that makes it possible,
on demand,
按需
anytime, anywhere and conveniently via a network
随时随地、方便地通过网络
to access a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage systems, applications and services),
访问可配置计算资源(例如网络、服务器、存储系统、应用程序和服务)的共享池
that can be rapidly provisioned and with minimal management effort or service provider interaction“.
It is useful to initially think of a "cloud" first as a data centre, i.e. a third-party data centre. However, a regulated company has the same responsibility for the compliant operation of computerised systems as it does in its own data centre – only now the infrastructure and data are located elsewhere.
In principle, the control or management of the data is entrusted to the cloud provider, while the responsibility remains with the pharmaceutical manufacturer. From the perspective of a GMP regulated company, this immediately raises questions about:
data security,
数据安全
data availability and
数据可用性
data integrity.
Public Cloud
公共云
Community Cloud
社区云
Private Cloud
私有云
Virtual Private Cloud
虚拟私有云
Hybrid Cloud
Then there is the type of service model, and this is where things get a bit complicated. Let me just pick out the most common acronyms:
IaaS——基础设施即服务
This is a computer infrastructure that is provided and managed via the Internet. Companies utilise the computing capacities and pay for the use of the computing power.
PaaS——平台即服务
Here, the company rents a complete operating system or a development environment. The customer is responsible for the applications running on it.
SaaS——软件即服务
Finally, the user company is only responsible for the customer-specific data and access. Many people are familiar with this from SAP or accounting programmes.
As you can see, things were different 10 years ago, and software often even had to be installed on a PC in the company. Today and in the future, we will only access the resources provided. This is also called division of labour – why should a pharmaceutical company be so deeply involved in IT issues when its core competency is drug production?
Cloud-based services are used extensively in private areas (social media, online shopping) and are widely used in retail, banking, entertainment, etc.
These are seen as advantages:
Cost savings
节约成本
Speed
速度
Flexibility
灵活性
Security
On the other hand, there are disadvantages that can arise in unfavourable cases:
Penalties
罚款
Downtime
停机时间
Loss of sales
销售损失
Damage to reputation
声誉受损
Loss of customer confidence
However, it is important to remember that when companies decide to keep all applications and data in-house, most of these risks are still present and need to be managed with in-house expertise.
Professional cloud services already cover these risks.
Expertise is always a key factor in the decision to outsource or insource. How much does external or internal expertise cost? The premise of division of labour also applies here.
撰稿人 | GMP-Verlag Peither AG
责任编辑 | 胡静
审核人 | 何发
2024-08-17
2024-09-02
2024-08-19
2024-08-15
2024-08-28
2024-09-04
2024-09-23
为提高生产效率、降低能源消耗,使药材受热均匀,有效成分更好地得到保留,本文对小柴胡颗粒连续逆流动态提取进行研究。以浸膏收率、黄芩苷鉴别、甘草鉴别、小柴胡鉴别、黄芩苷含量等为考察指标,采用 L9(34)正交试验优选小柴胡颗粒连续逆流动态提取工艺。结果显示优选的动态逆流提取连续生产工艺为:粗碎粒径 8mm、浸润时间 30min、加料转速 6rpm、饮用水流量 100L/h、提取转速 7rpm、提取时间 180min、提取温度 100℃,浸膏收率、黄芩苷鉴别、甘草鉴别、小柴胡鉴别、黄芩苷含量等均符合质量标准。因此,优选小柴胡颗粒连续逆流动态提取工艺重现性好,有效成分转移率高,为中药应用连续逆流动态提取提供了参考依据。
作者:石朝阳、姜许帆、张文标、乔晓芳
评论
加载更多